When people discuss the history of slavery, most focus on the transatlantic slave trade, where millions of Africans were taken to the Americas. However, the Arab slave trade, which lasted for over 1,300 years, remains one of history’s least acknowledged human rights atrocities. Unlike the transatlantic trade, which was abolished in the 19th century, Arab enslavement of Africans persisted into the 20th century, and in some areas, it still exists today.
Neglect of the Arab Slave Trade in Historical Discourse
Despite its vast scale, discussions of slavery often omit Arab involvement, either due to political motivations, historical neglect, or cultural sensitivities. Meanwhile, accusations against Jewish involvement in the African slave trade have been exaggerated and misrepresented, often as part of anti-Semitic narratives.
This article will break down:
- The history of the Arab slave trade
- The role (or lack thereof) of Jews in the trade
- Instances where Jews helped Africans who were enslaved
- The lasting legacy of Arab enslavement
- Why this history has been largely ignored
By bringing these realities to light, we aim to educate rather than erase or manipulate history.
The Arab Slave Trade (7th Century–20th Century)
Origins of the Arab Slave Trade
The Arab slave trade began shortly after the rise of Islam in the 7th century. As Arab empires expanded across North Africa and the Middle East, Muslim traders began capturing and enslaving millions of Africans from the eastern regions of the continent. Unlike the transatlantic slave trade, which primarily brought enslaved people to the Americas, the Arab trade moved Africans across the Sahara, the Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean. Many were transported to:
- The Middle East
- Persia (modern-day Iran)
- The Ottoman Empire
- The Arabian Peninsula
- India
Major Trade Routes
- Trans-Saharan Route – African slaves were taken from West and Central Africa, crossing the Sahara into North Africa, Egypt, and the Middle East.
- Red Sea Route – Slaves from the Horn of Africa were sent to Arabian ports like Jeddah and Mecca.
- Indian Ocean Route – Africans were transported to Persia, India, and even China via coastal Arab trade networks.
The Zanj Slaves and Their Rebellion (869–883 CE)
One of the most infamous aspects of the Arab slave trade was the enslavement of Zanj (Bantu-speaking Africans from East Africa). These slaves were forced into brutal labor in:
- Iraq (harvesting salt in marshlands)
- Arabian plantations
- The military
Due to horrific conditions, the Zanj Rebellion (869–883 CE) broke out in modern-day Iraq, where enslaved Africans waged an uprising against their Arab masters. Though the rebellion was crushed, it remains a testament to the brutality of the Arab slave trade.
The Scale of the Trade
While exact numbers are debated, historians estimate that between 10 and 18 million Africans were enslaved in the Arab trade over the centuries. Many more perished along the routes due to harsh conditions, castration (for male slaves), and disease.
Jewish Involvement: Myths vs. Reality
Debunking Common Claims
There are many myths surrounding Jewish involvement in the Arab and transatlantic slave trades. Anti-Semitic propaganda often exaggerates Jewish participation while downplaying the overwhelming Arab, Berber, and European control of the trade.
Jewish Merchants in North Africa
Some Jewish merchants in North Africa were involved in trade, but their role was marginal compared to Arabs and Berbers. Jews were often subject to discrimination under Islamic rule and were generally not in a position of power within the slave trade. The dominant traders were Muslim Arabs, Berbers, and Ottoman officials.
Jews as Victims of Arab-Muslim Persecution
Jewish communities in North Africa and the Middle East were often forced into second-class status (dhimmi status) and suffered persecution under Arab rule. Many were slaves themselves, and in several instances, Jews were forcibly converted or expelled.
Instances of Jews Helping Africans Against Enslavement
Jewish Communities in Ethiopia and Africa
Ethiopian Jews (Beta Israel) faced similar oppression to African communities. Some Jewish merchants and leaders in North Africa helped smuggle or free enslaved Africans in limited instances.
Jewish Abolitionists in North Africa and Europe
Jewish abolitionists in the 19th century joined movements to end the Arab and European slave trades. Some Jewish writers and leaders openly opposed slavery under Arab rule despite facing persecution.
Conclusion: A Need for Historical Truth, Not Selective Outrage
All forms of slavery—whether in the Americas, Europe, Africa, or the Middle East—should be acknowledged equally. The Arab slave trade:
- Lasted longer than the transatlantic trade.
- Enslaved millions of Africans.
- Left a legacy that still impacts people today.
Jews as Victims and Abolitionists
While some Jewish traders existed, they were not the dominant force in the African slave trade. Jews were often victims of Arab-Muslim oppression rather than perpetrators. Jewish abolitionists played a role in opposing slavery.
Encouraging Honest Conversations About History
It’s time to stop erasing uncomfortable histories to fit political narratives. If slavery matters, all slavery should be acknowledged.
Final Thoughts
This article sheds light on a critical but overlooked history. The Arab slave trade’s legacy still lingers today, and it’s vital to have an honest, fact-based discussion rather than one shaped by political convenience.